Jinghpaw amyu ni hpe Kachin ngu nna chye na wa ai lam hpe gawn yu ra wa sai. Sasana sara Tegenfeldt tsun ai gaw, Kachin ngu ai ga hpe maigan amyu ni tsun shamying ai re nga ai. Sasana sara Ola Hanson mung, Kachin ngu ai hpa re hpe Jinghpaw ni nchye na ai nga ai. Myen amyu ni gaw Kachin ngu ai hpe grai ka mayu ai amyu ni re majaw 'က ခ်င္' ngu ai re nga nna Ma Khin Mya a The Impact of Traditional Culture and Environmental Forces on Development of Kachins ngu ai Ph.D Dissertation, 1961, Maryland Dakkasu kaw ka da wu ai. Ndai hpe Dr. Kha Lum mung Kachin Review kaw 'ka mayu ai amyu' ngu bai htawng madun da wu ai sha n ga, (Rev. Dr. La Ting) a D.Mis Thesis (1996) hta mung, dai hte maren 'Ka mayu ai amyu' ngu nna ka shalawm da wu ai. Duwa Maran Zau Awng a article 'Kachin ngu ai gara kaw nna byin pru wa ai kun? nang chye nni' ngu ai ga baw hte mying nchye ai English du wa shamying ai re nga nna Kachinnews.com kaw mu lu ai.
KBC Sasana labau bai gawn yu yang Eugenio Kincaid Mogaung de du ai shaloi, Ga Hkyeng ni rai ga ai ngu ai kaw na Kahkyen ngu ai nsen hte shamying hpang ai re ngu ai hku nna (Rev. Marip Awng La) ka da ai hpe bai mu lu na ga ai. Dai hpe sara kaba (Lahpai Zau Tu) gaw Wunpawng amyu yawng hpe tsun ai re bai ngu wu ai nga nna Tegenfeldt bai tsun ai.
Lahta na lam yawng hpe ngai bai gawn yu ai shaloi jaw ang ai lam ni nau nmu lu ai ngu ai hpe gawn shachyaw dan mayu nngai. Kachin ngu ai hta Wunpawng amyu kru hpe gawng malai hku tsun ai ngu yawng chye na ga ai. Nkau mi gaw Jinghpaw bum nga masha ni hpe tsun ai ngu nna mung mu shangun mi ai. Raitim, Wunpawng amyu ngu ai hta lawm ai ni gaw Kachin amyu ni re ngu yang shut na lam gaw nau nnga ai hpe lawu na hte maren tang dan mayu nngai.
Sasana labau hpe madung tawn nna ngai bai nhtang gawn yu ai shaloi, Ka-khyens ngu ai amyu ni a lam hpe 1837 kaw nna English hku tsun shamying nhtawm mungkan de ndau dat hkrum saga ai lam Dr. Yaw Ba (US) gaw American Foreign Mission Magazine kaw na Kincaid a Sasana report article hpe la kap nhtawm shi a D.Miss Thesis hta ga hpaw hpaw da ai hpe mung mu lu ai. Dai majaw, Kachin ngu ai ga pru wa na ginjang gaw Ka-khyens ngu nna English hku ka shabra dat ai Sasana sara Eugenio Kincaid a lam hte rau, shi a hkrun lam hpe mung gawn yu ra ai lam byin pru wa nga ai.
Lawu Myen mung a Sasana sara Adoniram Judson hte rau Mawlamyaing na English Church hta tara hkaw sara galaw nga ai Rev. Eugenio Kincaid gaw Myen mung de 1830 hta du nna 1833 ning e Myen amyu marai masum hpe hkalup hkam ya lu hkra hkaw tsun sakse hkam wu ai a majaw, mying pru ai American Sasana sara tai wa sai. Shi gaw hkaw tsun Sasana myit lawm nna Rangoon (Yangon), Prome (Pyay), Moulmein hte Akyab (Rakhaing) kaw sha nrai lahta Myen mung de lung mayu ai myit ni mung paw pru wa lu ai nga ai. Dai majaw Ava (Innwa) de 1833 ning April (3) hta Yangon kaw nna lahta Myen mung de rawt sai. Ava du ai hpang, lahta Myen mung Bhamo (Manmaw) de na Miwa hte Sam hpaga la ni hpe hkrum ai shaloi, Bhamo de du hkra sa du nna Miwa lamu ga hkran de Sasana maden mat wa na hpe mung sharawng ai nga nna ka da ai. Dai sha nrai, Mandalay Ava (Innwa) kaw Myen hkawhkam Bagyidaw (1819-1837) hpe sa jahkrum ai Jinghpaw du lahkawng hte mung hkrum wu ai. Shan gaw Hugawng Pa de na Jinghpaw Duwa Dai hpa Gam hte Assam de na Jinghpaw Duwa Pisa Gam yan rai ma ai lam mung ka da wu ai. Ndai Duwa yan gaw Hugawng pa India ga jarit mayan na Assam hte Myen a manghkang hpe hparan na matu, Mandalay na Myen hkawhkam hpang de kasa hku nna sa du ai yan rai nga ma ai. Shan lahkawng Ava du ai shaloi, Kincaid hte mung hkrum ai majaw Cincaid gaw Assam hte India de matut ai Sasana galaw na bai myit hkawn wa nu ai. [Matsing: Ndai ten hta Bagyidaw (1819-1837) hte kanau Tharyarwaddy (1837-1846) gaw hkawhkam gashun hkat ai manghkang byin hpang nga ai ten rai nna Mandalay gaw maigan masha ni pru shang loi yak nga ai].
Tharyarwaddy hkaw hkam lung ai hte 1837, January 27 hta Kincaid gaw Ava kaw nna Indian (Gala) marai mali hte Myen amyu sha marai manga lawm let, Mandalay kaw nna shana maga Mali hka dingyang Li hte shap lung wa nhtawm, February 10 hta Bhamo de du ma ai. Ndai hkrun lam hte matut manoi, Hugawng maga de myi man shayawn let, dai aten hta htinggaw masum tsa ram nga ai, (Sam amyu ni up ai) Mogaung de du wa masai. Shi du ai ten hta Mogaung gaw ram ram katsi ai lam, maw hkup ka-up nna jan pru hpang hkrat ai lam, mare masha ni sam law ai lam, Kakhyens ni shi kaw tsi sa hpyi ai lam ni ka matsing da wu ai.
KBC labau hta Kahkyen ngu ai gaw Mogaung manap gat sa ai Jinghpaw htinggaw Ga Hkyeng ni rai ga ai ngu nna Kincaid hpe shachyen ai kaw na, Ka Hkyens ni ngu shamying hkrum sai nga ai lam lahta e tsun sai. Dai hte maren tsun hkai ai ni law law mung ngai hkrum ga ai. Ndai lam gaw jaw ai lam re ngu nmu lu nga ai. Kincaid a matsing buk hta, Mandalay kaw nna Mali hka hku lung wa ai shaloi, Kakhyens ni a yi yinwa ni, shanhte a nga sat nga sa lam, Mogaung garai ndu ai ten hta shi hkrum sanu ai the, Mali hka kau shara mi kaw Chyum Laika pyi gam ya da wu ai lam chye lu ai. Ndai Kakhyens ni a lam shi myit lawm ai sha n ga, bum ntsa kaw nta galaw nna kahtawng hku nga ai hpe mu wu ai shaloi, Kincaid a myit hta ndai Ka khyens ni gaw lawu ga e hkrum yu sai Karen (Kayin) nat jaw ni hte grai bung ai sat lawat ni hpe mu ai shaloi, Sasana galaw mayu ai myit ni pru wa lu ai. Dai majaw, American Baptist Foreign Mission de lawu na ga si lawm ai laika ka nu ai. Dai gaw, 'in the distant highlands are multitudes of Kakhyens, a people who from time to time immemorial have resisted idolatry. What a field this is for the evangelist! What man, who feels for his fellowman, would not like to gird on the armor of God, and labour for the establishment of Christ's kingdom here? (Tegenfeldt 1973, p.82). Ndai shiga a majaw, Karen Sasana gaw Jinghpaw ni a ntsa grau n gun dat mayu ai lam re hpe mung sawn shut shara nnga nga ai.
Lahta na laika hpe yu ai shaloi, Ka khyens gaw Ga Hkyeng ni ngu ai ga kaw na pru wa ai nre hpe mu lu ai. Mandalay kaw naw nga ai ten hta, ndai Kakhyens ni a lam na da chyalu re hpe mung, India ga jarit de na Singphos ni a lam mung na da sanu ai. Bhamo (Manmaw) de du yang mu ai ni, Mogaung e du yang mu ai ni, Mali hka mayan ding yang lung wa yang mu ai ni yawng maren sha re majaw, yawng gaw Kakhyens ni she rai nga ma hka nga nna ka da wu ai. Mandalay kaw nna Mali hka hku Li shap let Mogaung de nhtoi 22 ya hta du ai lam; Mandalay – Mogaung gaw deng 350 tsan ai lam, Mugoung de na bai ginhtang wa ai ten damya hkrum nna India de nre sha Mandalay de singgu krin bai nhtang du wa ai shaloi, shi a manang ni grai mau mat ai sha n ga, Mandalay kaw mung hkawhkam arawng aya kashun hkat ai nzim shi ai majaw, mung masa grai shuk nna, lawan ladan Rangoon (Yangon) de nhtang mat wa ma ai lam ni hpe ka da ai Kincaid a shani shagu na ka matsing buk gaw, American Sasana ginjaw kaw na Magazine Laika man hta Sasana myit gang ai laika ngau ni byin wa lu ai. Dai majaw, American Sasana gaw Jinghapw ni a matu masha dat ra na lam byin hpang wa sai.
Ndai mabyin hte nshai ai sha, John Anderson (Bristish mung maden du 1867) a (Mandalay-Bhamo) hkrun lam report laika hta mung, "throughout the valley of the upper Irawady above Bhamo, but with the Kakhyen hills interposing their stratum of hill tribes between them and their brotheren of the Chinese states, the Shan element predominates, though contending with the wider Singphos to the west of the valley" ngu nna ka da wu ai. Singphos ngu ai hpe shi lang da wu ai. Ndai ga hpe, Leach mung Assam maga nga ai ni hpe Singphos ngu tsun ka da wu ai. Singphos ngu ai ga gaw Thai masha ni tsun shamying ai ga re hpe mung sang lang da nga ai. Myen amyu nig aw ndai hpe grau nna jai lang nhtawm (သိန္းေဖါ) ngu tsun lang ma ai.
Sasana sara Roberts hte Gies gaw 1892 du hkra, Kakhyens ni ngu ai ga hte ka lang ma sai. Sasana sara Ola Hanson du wa ai shaloi, ndai Kakhyens ni gaw kadai ni rai ngu bai gawn dat nu ai. Hanson shi nan mung ndai Ka Khyens ngu ai lam hpe grai myit shang sha let nhti nhtang gawn nhtawm lawu na hku tsun shaleng wu ai. Kachin ngu ai ga hpe kadai shamying nna kaning ngu ai lachyum re hpe Jinghpaw ni nchye na ma ai ngu nna hpang nu ai. Ola Hanson hku nna gaw gara hku sawk mu wu ai hpe bai yu yu ga.
Ka Khyen amyu gaw lahta Myen mung Mogaung, Bhamoo, lahta Sam mung hte hka hku, Hugawng pa mayan e nga ai amyu masha ni hta law malawng sat lawat bung ai ni hpe gumhpawn nna shamying ai re hpe gawn yu lu wu ai. Ndai amyu ni hta shaga ai ga nsen tsaw nem hte shai ai hku matut mahkai tsun shaga ai hpe mung mu wu ai. Raitim, yawng hte gaw labau ginju rum nna hkai hkrat wa ai Wa HKyet wa Singgawng kaw na yu hkrat wa ai ni re hpe n gup aga hte htawn hkrat wa ai labau hpe tsun hkai ai hta mu lu wu ai. Wa Hkyet kaw na pra hkrat wa ai ni gaw lawu na hte maren rai nga ai.
Gam- Marip wa Kumja Magam
Naw- Lahtaw wa Naw Lawn
La- Lahpai wa Daina La or (La Tsan)
Tu- Trsit wa Tu Hkum
Tang- Maran wa Ningshawng
Yaw- Nhkum hpan amyu
Hka- Lahtaw hka shu hka sha (Hanson a ningmu)
Kying- Maran amyu hpan ni rai ma ai.
Raitim, Wa Hkyet wa gaw madu jan masum lu nna shawng na madu jan Magawng Kabang Majan gaw Gumsa (Du) amyu ni hpe shaprat nhtawm, hpang na madu jan gaw Gumlau (Yu maya) ni hpe shaprat wu ai nga nna Jinghpaw ni hpe madung tawn hka ja ai Antropologist Leach bai gawn da nga ai. Dai majaw ndai Kakhyens ni hta gumsa hte gumlau hpe pawng dan mayu sam ai. Hanson gawn ai hku Wa Hkyet kaw nna sha gawn ai nga yang gaw, Wa Hkyet a shawng na labau hpe nhkra ya lu nga ai. Wa HKyet hta nlawm ai ni gw Kachin hta nlawm na lam bai pru wa nga ai. Wunpawng hta gaw, Wa HKyet hta nlawm ai shawng daw na ni mung lawm ai lam labau gaw tsun nga ai.
Lam maga mi hku bai yu ai shaloi, Ka-Khyens ngu ai ga hpe Miwa hte Sam ni jawm tsun shamying ai kaw na byin wa ai re lam lawu na hku sawk tam da wu ai. Tai ga shaga ai amyu hpe Shan (Sam), Braginyaw ga shaga ai amyu hpe Karen (Kayin), Jinghpaw or Dumhpaw or Chyinghpaw ga shaga ai ni hpe Ka-Khyens ngu ai hpe gawn yu wu ai. Sam hte Palaung ni gaw Jinghpaw ni hpe 'Hkang' bum masha ngu tsun nna, Jinghpaw ni mung ခ်င္ း-Chin ni hpe Hkang ngu bai htawt tsun lang nga ma ai. Miwa ni bai rai jang Jinghpaw ni hpe Ye Jein (masha shazai) ngu tsun shamying ma ai. Dai ga hpe nan Jinghpaw ni rai jang Yawyin ngu bai nsen shapraw lang nna Lishaw (Lisu) amyu ni hpe htawt shaga mu ai. Dai majaw Jinghpaw ni gaw (Hkang) ngu ai hte (Ye Jein) ngu ai hpe nhkap la nna, anhte gaw Jinghpaw she re ngu nna nga nga ai amyu rai nga ai. Ndai ga hpe Jinghpaw the kahtep ai Sam hte Miwa ni hku nna Ye Jein ngu tsun lang taw nga sai rai nga ai. Hkang-Jein ngu tsun ai hpe Jinghpaw nkau mi grau nna Sam hte kanawn ai ni gaw shanhte na shanhte Hkang-Je or Hkang Jin ngu tsun shamying nga sai. Kincaid gaw lawu ga na lung wa ai re majaw mung, Myen hte Sam ni hte Mandalay kaw na kanawn wu ai majaw mung ndai masha ni kaw na Hkang-Jein ngu ai ga hpe na da nu ai. Shi hku nna Ka-Khyens ngu ai ga si the ka matsing hpang nu ai. Mogaung e hkrum ai Jinghpaw ni gaw anhte Ga Hkyeng ni rai ga ai ngu yang ngu na, Khang-Jen rai ga ai ngu yang ngu na sai. Dai majaw Ga Hkyeng or Ka-Khyens ngu nna Sasana sara Kincaid garai ndu ai kawn tsun shamying nga sai hpe mu lu ai.
Raitim, Sam hku Hkang ngu ai hte Miwa hku Ye Jein ngu ai hpe Hkang Jein ngu nna bumga mayan e nga ai masha ni hpe galoi kaw nna tsun nga sai hpe gaw kadai nlu gawn shi nga ai. English ni a prat du wa ai shaloi, Hkang Jein or Hka Hkyen or Ka-Khyens ngu nna tsun hkrum sai. Raitim, Myen amyu sha ni gaw (Kha-Chin-ခါး ခ်င္) hkri hte Hka or (Ka-Chin-က ခ်င္) ka mayu ai amyu ngu ai nsen hte lachyum bai htai ai gaw Ma Khin Mya a ka mayu ai amyu hpe shamying ai re nga ai de du wa sai. Lam mi hku yu ai shaloi, Ma Khin Mya a shawng kaw nna Ka-chin nre sha Tinghpow ngu nna mung tsun lang nga sai hpe John Anderson a laika (1967) hta mu lu nga ai. Dai majaw, Myen hku nna Tinghpow (သိန္းေဖါ) amyu ngu ai madung rai nna (က ခ်င္၊ Ka mayu ai amyu) ngu ai gaw English ni tsun ai kaw na bau la ai ga nsen hpe ka da ai re ngu a dan a dawng mu lu nga sai. Lachyum madung gaw bum nga masha shazai ni (Hkang-Jein) ngu ai kaw na byin wa sai hpe mu lu nga ai.
Raitim, myit lawm hpa gaw, lahta Myen mung hpe English ni tara shang uphkang ai hpang Manmaw kaw Sasana lamu ga Acre (10) mung majoi masat ya, Sasana sara Roberts hte mung kaja hkau re ai Mung maden du Major Cook gaw "Ka-khyens ni gaw Chin hte grai bung ai" ngu tsun wu ai. Roberts gaw Jinghpaw ni a matu ga byan ai hta mung karum lawm lu ai hte, Major Cook tsun ai ga the maren English ni a n gup n gau kaw nna, Kakhyens hpe Ka-Chin ngu nna dai aten kawn shamying ang sai ngu ngai hku nna sawn la lu nngai.
Ndai mabyin ni a shawng daw de, Myen amyu ni hte grai wa htinglu htinglai kanawn ai lam nnga ai majaw (က ခ်င္ Ka Chin) amyu ngu tsun na lam mi nnga nga ai. Dai majaw, Myen ga hku nna Kachin ngu ai hpe kaga mi (ka mayu ai amyu) ngu gale lang na lam mi nnga ai sha n ga, hka-hkri( ခါး ခ်င္ ) ngu na lam mung nnga nga ai. Sasana sara Kincaid e tsun ai Kakhyens (Ga Hkyeng) ni ngu ai mung shi hku nna gyin shalat ai (or) Ga Hkyeng ni hte hkrum nna Ka Hkyen amyu ngu na lam mung nau wa njaw shi nga ai. Jinghpaw ngu ai hta Wunpawng amyu yawng hpe bum nga masha shazai ni ngu yang mung, ndai prat hta nau wa mi nhtap htuk dum saga ai nhten. Jinghpaw ngu ai ga langai chyu mung (Masha) ngu ai sha re nga nna tsun hkai ma ai. Dai majaw kaga alak mi Marip, Lahtaw, Lahpai ngu ai hte Maru, Lashi, Tsi ga shaga ai amyu ni yawng hpe hkyawm hkra tsun gin lawm na mung nmai byin nga ai. Dai majaw Kachin ngu yang Wunpawng amyu yawng lawm sai ngu tsun na yak tim, ndai prat hta Kachin ngu ai gaw Wunpawng amyu ni ngu tsun lang ra wa sai. Antropology hku bai gawn yang chyawm gaw ndai masha shazai ni gaw Mongo-Tibetan kaw na yu hkrat wa ai Tibeto-Burman de bai gale du wa na re.
Wunpawng amyu ngu ai hta gaw Gumsa hte Gumlau (Wa Hkyet Singgawng a madu jan Magawng Kabang Majan) kaw na prat pra ai ni re ngu ai ht alai, Jinghpaw ni a lam hpe madung tawn sagawn ai Antropologist E.R. Leach bai sang lang dan ai gaw:
1. Kachin - Wunpawng Amyu ngu ai hta hpan lahkawng lawm ai. Gumlau hte Gumsa, Du hte Darat Daroi hpe gumhpawn nna tsun ai re nga ai.
A. Du Leng- Gumlau
B. Tsasen- Gumsa hte Gumlau
C. Gauri- Gumsa
2. Atsi (Zi- Zaiwa) Gumsa hta lawm nna Maru-Lhovo hte Jinghpaw a lapran ga shaga ai.
3. Maru (Lhovo) Nkau mi Gumsa, nkau mi Gumlau
4. Lashi (Lachid) Law malawng Gumlau
5. Nung-Rawang (Hka-nung) Gumlau
6. Lisu or Lishaw (Yaw Yin)- nlu gawn shi wu ai.
Sawk yu lu na lam gaw:
1. Guide to the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society records, 1813-1961, Collection Number: 4424. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library, American Baptist Missionary correspondence, 1829-1900, Eugenio Kincaid, 1830-1856 Box 2 Folder FM-22; Box 3 Folder FM-23
2. Hanson,Ola. The Kachins: their customs and Tradition, (Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press, 1913), p.13-14.
3. Leach, E.R. Political System of Highland Burma, (London: Bell, 1954), p.56-59.
4. Anderson, John. Mandalay to Momien: a narrative of the two expeditions to western China of 1868-1875, (Culcutta: Macmillan, 1876), p.285.
5. Tegenfeldt, A Century Growth: Kachin Baptist Church of Burma, (Pasadena: William Carey Library, 1974).
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